Landfilling

Landfilling, or waste disposal, is the oldest way to permanently dispose of waste. However, this is a method whereby the vast majority of waste is not used and ends up in the ground. There are a large number of modern landfills in the Czech Republic, which began to be created after 1990 and in many cases still serve today. It should be noted that we can never do without landfills, but it must be ensured that only such waste that can no longer be used in any way ends up there. We distinguish three basic types of landfills. Landfills for inert waste, landfills for other waste and landfills for hazardous waste. These landfills differ in the level of security and the types of waste that can be put there.

Today’s landfills have nothing in common with the old unsecured landfills that were in almost every village. The existing landfills were designed by hydrogeologists. Besides, the construction and operation of a landfill must meet many regulations and obtain a number of permits. A landfill is actually a building made of waste, in which the prescribed procedure must be followed. The landfill itself is usually built in stages, one is always prepared, filled and another is planned during the closure and restoration of the first one. Water that is trapped in the body of the landfill and landfill gas resulting from decomposing biowaste must be collected during the landfill’s operation. The vast majority of landfills use this gas to generate electricity. In addition, after the closure of a landfill, it has a mandatory monitoring period of 30 years.

Companies operating landfills pay fees and must create reserves for restoration and subsequent supervision of the landfill body.

Letecký pohled na skládku odpadů, kde je vidět několik etap, včetně zrekultivovaných ploch osazených fotovoltaickými panely.

Aerial view of a landfill where several stages can be seen, including restored areas fitted with photovoltaic panels.

Skládky odpadů se obvykle budují v prohlubních, nebo starých lomech, během plnění se z nich však většinou stává kopec vystouplý nad ostatním terénem.

Landfills are usually built in depressions or old quarries, but they usually become a hill raised above the other terrain during filling.

Kompaktor je stroj o hmotnosti desítek tun, který má za úkol hutnění a přesuny odpadu a materiálů pro stavbu skládek.

A waste compactor is a machine weighing tens of tons and is responsible for compacting and moving waste and materials for landfill construction.

View of a landfill for inert waste.

Skládkový plyn je na skládkách jímán a potrubím přepravován k energetickému využití.

Landfill gas is collected at landfills and transported through pipelines for energy recovery.

Skládkový plyn v kogenerační jednotce slouží jako palivo pro motor, který pohání generátor a vyrábí elektrickou energii.

Landfill gas in a cogeneration unit serves as fuel for the engine that drives the generator and generates electricity.

Na dně každé skládky odpadů je položena a svařena silná plastová fólie, která má za úkol zabránit průniku nežádoucích látek mimo skládku. Je základem tzv. drenážní vrstvy.

A thick plastic film is placed and welded on the bottom of each landfill to prevent unwanted substances from penetrating outside the landfill. It is the basis of a drainage layer.

Pneumatiky jsou při stavbě skládek využívány k ochraně proti mechanickému poškození vodě nepropustných vrstev.

Tires are used in the construction of landfills to protect against mechanical damage to water-impermeable layers.

Poslední z ochranných vrstev skládky před samotným plněním je geotextilie, která zabraňuje zanášení drenážní vrstvy odpadem.

The last of the protective layers of the landfill before the filling itself is a geomembrane liner, which prevents clogging of the drainage layer with waste.

Po naplnění kapacity musí být skládka rekultivována. Tedy uzavřena tak, aby bylo zamezeno průniku škodlivých látek ze skládky do okolí. Součástí je osazení uzavřené skládky trávou a drobnými keři.

The landfill must be restored after filling the capacity. That is, it is closed in such a way as to prevent the penetration of harmful substances from the landfill into the surroundings. This includes planting a closed landfill with grass and small bushes.

Každá skládka funguje na základě povolení. Musí mít provozní řád, ve kterém jsou jasně uvedené druhy odpadů, které může přijímat.

Each landfill is operated on the basis of a permit. It must have operating rules in which the types of waste it can receive are clearly indicated.

Landfilling

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